Regspraak: Delictual liability and the stowaway plaintiff

Regspraak: Delictual liability and the stowaway plaintiff

Authors: L Boonzaier and C Le Roith

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: University of Cape Town; Stellenbosch University
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 3, 2024, p. 600-611
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2024/i3a12

Abstract

Hierdie bespreking handel oor die vraag hoe dit die toekenning van deliktuele aanspreeklikheid beïnvloed as die eiser self onregmatig opgetree het tydens die beweerde delik. Histories het die Suid-Afrikaanse reg hierdie probleem van “eiser-oortreding” hanteer deur gebruik te maak van die bestaande elemente van deliktuele aanspreeklikheid, veral die voorsienbaarheidsvereiste soos dit verskyn in die leerstuk van culpa of skuld. Die howe het dus die probleem aangespreek sonder om vaste reëls of ’n verweer te ontwikkel. Dit lei tot ’n relatief permissiewe benadering, waarvolgens eiser-boosdoeners dikwels in hul eise kan slaag.
Suid-Afrika se benadering is egter nou skynbaar verander deur Bhiya v Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa, waarin die Gautengse hooggeregshof in Pretoria ’n deliktuele eis verwerp het van ’n passasier wat sonder ’n geldige vervoerbewys onwettig gereis het, maar wat deur die nalatige optrede van die verweerder se personeel betrokke by die bedryf van die pendeltrein tydens daardie reis beseer is. Die hof verskaf twee redes vir die beslissing. Eerstens regverdig die hof die besluit deur die bestaande, voorsienbaarheid-gebaseerde benadering te gebruik. Tweedens het die hof bevind dat dit strydig met openbare beleid sou wees om die eis toe te laat. Daardeur skep die hof ’n bykomende en meer robuuste grond waarop sulke eise geweier kan word, geleë binne die element van onregmatigheid.
Hierdie nota kritiseer beide hierdie aspekte van die uitspraak. Die eerste grond van die besluit verdraai vorige gesag en is ondeursigtig oor die evaluerende uitsprake wat die hof maak. In besonders verdraai die hof die uitspraak van Innes HR in Farmer v Robinson Gold Mining Co Ltd, wat in 1917 die skuld-gesentreerde benadering gegrond het en steeds ons leidende gesag oor die probleem van eiser-oortreders is. Die Bhiya-saak teiken sulke eisers vir spesiale behandeling, net soos die Farmer-saak dit verwerp. Die hof se tweede grond, gebaseer op onregmatigheid, is hardhandig en versuim om belangrike kompleksiteite te bespreek. Dit is waar dat die onregmatigheidselement draai op oorwegings van openbare beleid soos dié wat deur die regter in die Bhiya-saak bespreek is. Haar redenasie het ook antesedente, beide in Suid-Afrika en op internasionale gebied. Nietemin voer die outeurs aan dat dit onregverdig teen die eiser in die Bhiya-saak inwerk. Die uitspraak slaag ook nie daarin om die grondslag te identifiseer waarop tussen waardige en onwaardige eise onderskei kan word nie. Ons voer aan dat die appèlhof ’n meer omsigtige benadering behoort te volg.

Boekbesprekings: M Dendy and C Loots: Herbstein and Van Winsen – The Civil Practice of the Superior Courts of South Africa

Boekbesprekings: M Dendy and C Loots: Herbstein and Van Winsen – The Civil Practice of the Superior Courts of South Africa

Author: ML Du Preez

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: University of Johannesburg
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 3, 2024, p. 612-615
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2024/i3a13

Abstract

None

Inclusive pre-sentencing reports for children who conflict with the law: Applying and executing section 71 of the Child Justice Act

Inclusive pre-sentencing reports for children who conflict with the law: Applying and executing section 71 of the Child Justice Act

Authors: Maryna Human, Leandré C Geoffrey and Theophilus Lazarus

ISSN: 1996-2118
Affiliations: PhD; School of Criminal Justice, University of South Africa; BA(Hons) MA PhD (Unisa); Senior Lecturer, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Limpopo; PhD MNAN (USA); Adjunct Professor, Department of Psychology, Emory University, Registered Neuropsychologist (Health Professions Council of South Africa)
Source: South African Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume 37 Issue 1, p. 1 – 20
https://doi.org/10.47348/SACJ/v37/i1a1

Abstract

Despite the progressive nature of the Child Justice Act (CJA) to uphold the best interest principle of all children who come into conflict with the law, s 71(1) and (2) of the CJA that outlines the pre-sentencing evaluation reports required for sentencing, fail to meet and uphold this objective. This is of particular importance given the multi-complex and multi-faceted advancements in scientific findings regarding the development of criminal behaviour in children. This paper reviewed and concluded the following key aspects pertinent to the execution of pre-sentencing reports: (1) practitioners are not provided with clear guidelines specifying key factors that need emphasis in the pre-sentence reports; (2) practitioners are often inexperienced in child development (brain and psychological) processes and lack the requisite knowledge and skills in crime causation to compile the reports; and (3) the best interest principle is hampered by a severe staffing problem, heavy workloads, and tight timeframes governing the compilation and submission of reports.
This submission was primarily influenced by the findings from research that explored and subsequently developed an action plan for criminologists with a view toward specialisation in child justice. A literature review and analysis of pre-existing findings from the aforesaid research, coupled with reviews of academic literature from various academic scientific sources formed the basis of the arguments presented in this submission.

Barcoding banknotes: Moving towards a system addressing cash anonymity in money laundering and terrorist financing operations

Barcoding banknotes: Moving towards a system addressing cash anonymity in money laundering and terrorist financing operations

Author: Ruann Jansen van Vuren

ISSN: 1996-2118
Affiliations: Bcom (Law) LLB (Stell), Paralegal to Advocate LJ Van Tonder SC
Source: South African Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume 37 Issue 1, p. 21 – 47
https://doi.org/10.47348/SACJ/v37/i1a2

Abstract

The anonymity in cash transactions present a significant hurdle in financial crime prevention. The central issue in addressing illicit cashflows lies in the difficulty to distinguish between licit and illicit cashflows amongst countless daily cash transactions. Addressing the issue poses the challenge of identifying a balance between an extreme of total surveillance, which can impinge on freedoms and disrupt cash-dependant economies, and total inaction, which allows illicit flows to persist. Between these two extremes lie various middle paths, some more effective than others in striking the required balance. Through an examination of the historical landscape of money laundering, the evolution of countermeasures, and the exploitation of gaps by criminals, a technologically advanced solution is proposed. In this regard, the implementation of traceable barcodes on banknotes aims to enhance transparency and traceability in financial dealings. A barcoded system is an innovative strategy to tackle money laundering and terrorist financing. This article assesses the viability, potential impacts and challenges of this system in policy formulation and economic frameworks, contributing to the discourse on enhancing anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing measures.

Enhancing the criminal justice response to human trafficking in South Africa: Legislation and case law in the spotlight

Enhancing the criminal justice response to human trafficking in South Africa: Legislation and case law in the spotlight

Author: Beatri Kruger

ISSN: 1996-2118
Affiliations: BA, LLB, LLM, LLD, Emeritus Professor and Research Fellow, Free State Centre for Human Rights, Faculty of Law, University of the Free State
Source: South African Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume 37 Issue 1, p. 48 – 83
https://doi.org/10.47348/SACJ/v37/i1a3

Abstract

Human traffickers continually develop new tactics to trick and trap their victims, making human trafficking a complex and evolving crime that demands a robust criminal justice response. This response must be consistently refined to combat this pervasive crime effectively. In South Africa, the Prevention and Combating of Trafficking in Persons Act 7 of 2013 (Trafficking Act) came into force in 2015 to address the multifaceted crime. Now, after eight years, this article delves into the status of the counter-trafficking response, focusing on the efficacy of the anti-trafficking legislation and its implementation by the courts. It was found that, first, the Trafficking Act, as previously confirmed, complies with international minimum standards, and encompasses all forms of trafficking. Secondly, through the implementation and interpretation of this legislation, the courts have established jurisprudence on human trafficking, making a significant contribution to the criminal justice response. By reviewing case law spanning the period 2009 to 2023, this article aims to contribute novel insights to the existing body of knowledge, based on evidence tested in courts. Examining emerging case law, the article sheds light on various features of human trafficking within the criminal justice arena. It focuses specifically on the gravity and nature of human trafficking, penalties imposed by the courts, both domestic and cross-border trafficking, and new insights into various types of trafficking perpetrated within South Africa. Notably, court judgments increasingly offer binding and clarifying decisions. Case law has endorsed the only legally binding definition of human trafficking and provided interpretations of concepts in trafficking legislation. However, alongside the positive contributions of case law, the article also identifies legislative challenges. Consequently, recommendations are presented to enhance and fortify the criminal justice response to human trafficking in South Africa.