The recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in South Africa: an urgent need for legal reform and certainty

The recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in South Africa: an urgent need for legal reform and certainty

Author: Solomon Okorley

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Research Centre for Private International Law in Emerging Countries, Faculty of Law, University of Johannesburg
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 4, 2024, p. 654-675
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2024/i4a3

Abstract

Die belangrikheid van internasionale handel vir die ekonomiese ontwikkeling van Suid-Afrika kan nie oorbeklemtoon word nie. Dit is daarom noodsaaklik dat daar ’n robuuste regsraamwerk vir die erkenning en afdwinging van buitelandse vonnisse is wat die beste van internasionale praktyke weerspieël. Die onlangse uitbreiding van die BRICS ekonomiese blok, bestaande uit Brasilië, Rusland, Indië, China en Suid-Afrika, en die vooruitsig van selfs verdere uitbreiding, sal hopelik lei tot ’n toename in handelstransaksies binne die blok. Dit moet onvermydelik lei tot ’n toename in litigasie. Dit sal die erkenning en afdwinging van buitelandse vonnisse ’n uitermate belangrike onderwerp maak. Die onlangse innoverende wetgewende ontwikkelings deur die Haagse Konferensie en die Statebondsekretariaat oor die erkenning en afdwinging van buitelandse vonnisse behoort ook as ’n katalisator te dien vir die hervorming van die Suid-Afrikaanse regsraamwerk in hierdie verband om dit in ooreenstemming te bring met huidige internasionale praktyke, sowel as om regsekerheid te bevorder. Die onderhawige artikel bespreek die regsraamwerk vir die erkenning en afdwinging van buitelandse vonnisse in Suid-Afrika vanuit die perspektief van die gemenereg en die statutêre instrumente. Die bespreking toon dat daar ’n behoefte is aan hervorming van die Wet op die Beskerming van Ondernemings: die volledige herroeping daarvan sal voordelig wees vir potensiële vonnisskuldeisers en dit sal ook internasionale geregtelike samewerking bevorder. Verder beveel die outeur aan dat, as gevolg van die ontoereikendheid van die gemeenregtelike raamwerk, die omvang van die statutêre regime insake erkenning en afdwinging van buitelandse vonnisse uitgebrei moet word om meer lande as slegs Namibië in te sluit, en dan veral al die belangrike handelsvennote van Suid-Afrika. Of blote teenwoordigheid steeds as ’n grond vir internasionale jurisdiksie beskou moet word, bly ’n omstrede aangeleentheid. Die outeur doen ’n beroep dat die tersake howe die regsposisie duidelik moet neerlê, sodat regsekerheid kan volg. Hy voer aan dat, ten spyte van die kritiek wat gelewer word teen blote teenwoordigheid as ’n buitensporige grond vir internasionale jurisdiksie, maar as gevolg van die behoefte om die gemenereg te ontwikkel en die strewe om aan die veranderende behoeftes van die samelewing te voldoen, blote teenwoordigheid nogtans as ’n geldige grond in die verband beskou moet word. Hierdie aanbeveling word versterk deur die begrip van sogenaamde comitas tussen die nasies en die ontwikkeling wat deur tegnologie en die vierde industriële revolusie meegebring word. Binne die gemeenregtelike raamwerk is die gronde vir die internasionale jurisdiksie van ’n buitelandse hof taamlik eng: woonagtigheid, domisilie, toestemming tot jurisdiksie en fisieke teenwoordigheid. Die skrywer beveel ’n uitbreiding van die gronde vir internasionale jurisdiksie aan. Daar word ook aanbeveel dat domisilie geskrap moet word as ’n grond vir internasionale bevoegdheid. Ten slotte beveel die outeur aan dat Suid-Afrika, as ’n lidstaat van die Haagse Konferensie, die Haagse Vonniskonvensie van 2019 moet bekragtig of, in die alternatief, sy huidige wetlike raamwerk moet wysig om die nuwe ontwikkelinge in die konvensie en die Statebondsmodelwet te inkorporeer.

The three pillars regulating international sales contracts on the African continent

The three pillars regulating international sales contracts on the African continent

Author: Marlene M Wethmar-Lemmer

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: Professor, Department of Jurisprudence, University of South Africa
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 4, 2024, p. 676-691
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2024/i4a4

Abstract

In 2018 is die Afrika Vastelandse Vryehandelsooreenkoms (African Continental Free Trade Agreement) gesluit met die bedoeling om ’n gemeenskaplike mark vir goedere en dienste op die kontinent te vestig ten einde ekonomiese integrasie en beleggingsgeleenthede te bevorder met die vermindering van armoede as einddoel. Die uiteenlopende regstelsels in Afrika vergestalt die grootste nie-tarief struikelblok vir internasionale handel op die kontinent. Die harmonisering van die regsbeginsels, veral insake alle aspekte rakende internasionale koopkontrakte is dus van kardinale belang vir die bevordering van handel tussen Afrikalande maar ook tussen Afrikalande en hul handelsvennote wêreldwyd. Daar bestaan afdoende bewyse dat internasionale kommersiële arbitrasie die verkose dispuutbeslegtingsmeganisme in internasionale handelsdispute daarstel. Die harmonisering van die substantiewe regsreëls wat internasionale koopkontrakte en verbandhoudende transaksies reguleer; die harmonisering van die aanwysingsreëls oftewel die reëls van die internasionale privaatreg wat die toepaslike substantiewe regsreëls aandui asook die harmonisering van die prosedurele reëls wat internasionale arbitrasie beheers, verteenwoordig dus die drie pilare vir die effektiewe regulering van internasionale handel in Afrika. In hierdie bydrae word dié drie elemente ontleed en voorstelle aan die hand gedoen om kontinentale harmonisering van aldrie te bewerkstellig. Eerstens word aanbeveel dat alle state in Afrika lidlande van die Weense Koopverdrag van 1980 (CISG) word. Tans het die Weense Koopverdrag sewe-en-negentig lidlande wêreldwyd, verteenwoordigend van alle regstradisies. Ten spyte van die feit dat hierdie verdrag meer as veertig jaar oud is, groei die aantal lidlande steeds – meer as twintig lande het sedert 2010 tot die Weense Koopverdrag toegetree. Hierdie standhoudende groei in die getal lidlande dui daarop dat die CISG steeds as ’n gesaghebbende en geldige stel substantiewe internasionale koopreëls beskou word. Tweedens, wat die harmonisering van die aanwysingsreëls betref, word aan die hand gedoen dat die African Principles on the Law Applicable to International Commercial Contracts die beste grondslag daarstel vir harmonisering van tans uiteenlopende benaderings in Afrika tot die vasstel van die toepaslike reg. Derdens word daar na die Wet op Internasionale Arbitrasie 15 van 2017 en die skedules tot daardie wet gekyk vir die harmonisering van die prosedurele regulering van internasionale kommersiële arbitrasie.

A brief overview of collective consumer redress in the European Union and South Africa and moving towards the increased use of a consumer class action in South Africa – part two

A brief overview of collective consumer redress in the European Union and South Africa and moving towards the increased use of a consumer class action in South Africa – part two

Author: Theo Broodryk

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: Professor in Private Law, Stellenbosch University
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 4, 2024, p. 692-701
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2024/i4a5

Abstract

Building upon the groundwork laid in part one of this two-part article, which illuminated the landscape of collective consumer redress within the European Union (EU), part two delves into the unique trajectory of this legal phenomenon in South Africa. While collective consumer redress is still a burgeoning concept in these jurisdictions, the dynamics governing it display distinctive characteristics, especially in a consumer context. This article commenced by considering the position in South Africa, where class actions under section 4(1) of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 are specifically scrutinised. Surprisingly, there is a paucity of such actions, prompting a closer examination of the reasons for this. The article seeks to elucidate the status of collective consumer redress in South Africa and to uncover potential insights from the European Union. By scrutinising these frameworks, the article aims to assess whether South Africa could derive benefits from adapting certain elements to enhance the efficacy of its own consumer class actions under the act. Ultimately, the overarching goal of this two-part article is to identify strategies that optimise consumer class action, paving the way for enhanced access to justice for South African consumers. As we navigate through the legal landscape of South Africa, our pursuit is guided by the quest for a more robust and equitable collective redress system that aligns with the evolving needs of consumers in these jurisdictions.

Aantekeninge: Onverwagte risiko’s met aanneming mag potensiële adoptante twee keer laat nadink

Aantekeninge: Onverwagte risiko’s met aanneming mag potensiële adoptante twee keer laat nadink

Author: JC Sonnekusn

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: Universiteit van Johannesburg
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 4, 2024, p. 702-732
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2024/i4a6

Abstract

Adoption has been a very common legal construction since time immemorial in multiple Western European and other cultures, although it has not been treated equally everywhere. A formally adopted child is legally permanently imputed to the kinship of the adoptive parents who took pity on the vulnerable child and consequently completed the legal process of adoption to take the person into a relationship he or she did not previously occupy. In principle, the motivation behind an adoption should play no decisive role in considering the applicability of the relevant legal norms. The typical motivations range from a burning longing in the potential adoptive parents to fulfil their parenting wishes and a healthy developed sense of empathy with a chosen orphan who can thus be spared growing up in an orphanage. In some comparable Continental legal systems not only children below the age of majority but also adults may be adopted. In those circumstances the motivation is less the result of empathy with the vulnerable potential adoptee. More often it is to accommodate the special needs or interests of the adopting “parent”; also the reason that governed the origin of de jure adoptions in Roman law. Some examples of the motivation behind contemporary adult adoptions in comparable Continental legal systems is discussed with reference also to the unexpected consequences of such adoptions. Regardless of which personal consideration motivates a potential adopter to consider adoption, it should be based on a conscious decision by the adoptive parent to accept the chosen person as an adopted child within the family. Although it should be concluded that adoption rests on a considered voluntary decision on the part of the prospective adoptant to add the chosen person to his family, well-defined legal norms ensure that adoption is no longer treated merely as a contract between interested parties such as for the acquisition of a puppy as a new pet. In the interests of legal certainty, the law does not attach all the consequences that parties intended with their volition, to such volitional decisions. After a finalised legal adoption it would be to the detriment of legal certainty if a mere change of mind on the part of a whimsical adopting parent would suffice to undo retroactively the consequences of the change in the status of the adoptee. Presumably few scholars may consider that current South African law provides for adult adoption. Although the applicable South African statute does not explicitly govern adult adoption, it is submitted that this should at least be considered if a nearly adult person who is already legally married is chosen for adoption before he or she has reached eighteen years of age. The Children’s Act stipulates that it is only when a person reaches that age that he or she is no longer a “child”, and all children, in principle, are adoptable. Although the current Children’s Act refers extensively to the requirement of “consent” with regard to adoption, no mention is made of the obvious prerequisite that the potential adopter must voluntarily decide to adopt the chosen person as adoptee at the final conclusion of the adopting process. The law does not require that there must be an agreement between the biological parent/s and the adoptant nor between the latter and the adoptee as is required for a contract, but no one should be forced to adopt a child against his/her will, nor vice versa – irrespective of whether it may be considered to be in the best interest of the child. Legal certainty will be compromised if decisions on the adoption of a supposedly chosen person are made randomly by judges without regard to the crystallised applicable legal norms merely by justifying the decision with reference to ubuntu. This may well deter prospective adopters from considering adoption as a viable construction. The need for legal certainty regarding the protection of the interests of vulnerable children was the primary consideration for the then South African legislature to pass the first Adoption of Children Act 25 of 1923. The legislature noted the growing problems and legal uncertainty with unregulated de facto adoptions. Notwithstanding the foregoing historical fact, Lekhuleni J in the recent RS case argues that in the interest of de facto adopted children, the well-defined legal norms that had been accepted as crystalised may be abandoned: “Undoubtedly, the recognition of de facto adoptions for the purposes of care, maintenance and proper parental care ensures that the protection of children for whom the adoption statute was intended is not eroded” (par 31). This reasoning apparently sufficed for the court to decide that the defendant may simply be confronted with a child as an adopted child notwithstanding the fact that the ordered finalisation of the adoption process cannot be termed to be the result to which he still voluntary consents. Since his marriage had already ended in divorce more than five years previously he may not have had the intention to continue with any potential adoption procedure regarding a foster child the erstwhile couple took in as foster parents more than ten years previously. It is submitted that nobody should be compelled to accept even a stray dog as a pet against his will and even less so a child as an adoptee – sed, ex Africa semper aliquid novi.

Aantekeninge: An update of recent labour law developments from South African courts 2024

Aantekeninge: An update of recent labour law developments from South African courts 2024

Author: MJ Van Staden

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: University of the Witwatersrand
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 4, 2024, p. 733-784
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2024/i4a7

Abstract

Labour law is constantly evolving, with new cases and legal developments shaping how we understand and apply the law. This annual update, now in its sixth year, highlights and analyses significant labour law cases handed down between June 2023 and May 2024, focusing on their impact on legal science. Over the past year, courts have grappled with various complex issues related to employment rights. These cases have resolved disputes between parties and set important precedents that will guide future legal decision-making and scholarship. This update explores the key holdings and reasoning of these landmark cases and their implications for employees, employers and the broader legal landscape. The update aims to deepen our understanding of labour law and its practical application in the modern workplace. The cases discussed in this update have been carefully selected based on their potential to shape legal theory, challenge existing assumptions and spark new avenues of research.