Regspraak: Slicing the baloney pretty thin: Lessons in fair use from the Warhol case

Regspraak: Slicing the baloney pretty thin: Lessons in fair use from the Warhol case

Author: S Karjiker

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: Stellenbosch University
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 1, 2025, p. 187-202
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2025/i1a11

Abstract

Wanneer dit kom by inbreukmaking op kopiereg is die belangrikste wysiging van die Wet op Outeursreg 98 van 1978 wat deur die Wysigingswetsontwerp op Kopiereg voorgestel is (Wysigingswetsontwerp op Kopiereg B 13D – 2017, 9 Junie 2022), in alle waarskynlikheid die bekendstelling van die Amerikaanse konsep van billike gebruik (“fair use”), om ons huidige stelsel van billike handeling (“fair dealing”) te vervang. Dit is dus insiggewend om die mees onlangse billike gebruik-uitspraak van die Amerikaanse hooggeregshof in Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc v Goldsmith (2023) 143 SCt 1258 te bespreek gegewe die feit dat hierdie hof nie gereeld kopieregsake aanhoor nie.

Die Warhol-saak het gehandel oor ’n bewering van kopieregskending van ’n foto wat deur die fotograaf Lynn Goldsmith geneem is en waarvan ’n syskerm afdruk deur die popkunstenaar Andy Warhol gemaak is. In 1981 het Goldsmith ’n swart en wit ateljeeportretfoto van die musikant Prince (“die foto”) geneem. Die foto is in 1984 aan die tydskrif Vanity Fair gelisensieer as ’n “kunstenaarsverwysing vir ’n illustrasie”, wat in die tydskrif sou verskyn saam met ’n artikel oor Prince later daardie jaar. Vanity Fair het Warhol opdrag gegee om die illustrasie te skep. Hy het verskeie syskermafdrukke vervaardig, gebaseer op die foto. Een van hierdie syskermafdrukke is in die 1984-tydskrif gebruik. Na die dood van Warhol is die kopiereg van die syskermafdrukke aan die Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc (“AWF”) oorgedra.

Ná Prince se dood, in 2016, het Condé Nast (Vanity Fair se houermaatskappy) nog een van die syskermafdrukke gebruik vir ’n gedenkartikel oor die musikant, nadat die AWF toestemming daarvoor gegee het. Goldsmith het egter nie toestemming vir die verdere gebruik van die syskermafdruk gegee nie. Goldsmith het ook geen betaling ontvang nie, en is ook nie as die bron van die illustrasie erken nie. Dit was ten opsigte van hierdie verdere gebruik dat Goldsmith beweer het dat haar kopiereg in die foto geskend is. Die AWF het beweer dat hierdie gebruik van die syskermafdruk nie Goldsmith se kopiereg in die foto geskend het nie, aangesien Warhol se syskermafdruk op billike gebruik van die foto neerkom, en dat dit transformerend was.

Die appèl na die Amerikaanse hooggeregshof was beperk tot net een kwessie: of die eerste faktor vir billike gebruik – die doel en karakter van die gebruik – die AWF of Goldsmith bevoordeel. Die hooggeregshof het bevind dat hierdie faktor Goldsmith bevoordeel het, en dat haar kopiereg in die foto geskend is. Die beslissing van die Amerikaanse hooggeregshof was egter nie eenparig nie. Daar was teenstrydige meerderheids- en minderheidsuitsprake, wat wys dat billike gebruik nie dieselfde sekerheid as billike hantering gee nie. Dit lei tot vermorste en duur litigasie (of ’n groter moontlikheid daarvan). Daar word voorgehou dat hierdie saak, of soortgelyke sake, ingevolge Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing as direkte kopieregskending beskou sal word. Die Warhol-saak dien as nog ’n bewys van die problematiese aard van billike gebruik, en daar word sterk aangeraai om die implementering daarvan te vermy.

Regspraak: Exposing the bureaucratic red tape of adoptions and the department’s underlying prejudices

Regspraak: Exposing the bureaucratic red tape of adoptions and the department’s underlying prejudices

Author: W Rosenberg

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: University of Johannesburg
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 1, 2025, p. 202-217
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2025/i1a12

Abstract

Hierdie saak behels twee byna identiese stelle feite oor die eerste en tweede applikant en hul keuses om hulle babas B and L vir aanneming af te gee en die departement van maatskaplike ontwikkeling se verontagsaming eerstens van die eerste en tweede applikant se reg om aanneming te kies en tweedens vir die beste belange van B en L. Volgens die feite in beide gevalle is die applikante “geviktimiseer en gestraf” vir hul keuse van aanneming as opsie uit hul verknorsings.

Die optrede van die departement en maatskaplike werkers het ’n reeks gebeure tot gevolg gehad wat daartoe gelei het dat die beste belange van die kinders geskend is en die regte van die aansoekers op menswaardigheid, privaatheid en liggaamlike en sielkundige integriteit ook geskend is. Die departement het praktykriglyne vir aanneming opgestel en deur middel van hierdie riglyne gepoog om die aanneming van B en L te ontspoor en kultuur as ’n rede aan te voer, asook daarop aan te dring dat ’n bykomende ondersoek gedoen moet word of die kinders sorg en beskerming benodig voordat B en L aanneembaar verklaar kan word. Die departement het ook beweer dat die kinderhof nie ’n aannemingsbevel kan uitreik alvorens’n aanbevelingsbrief wat sodanige aanneming goedkeur, van die departement ontvang is nie. Dít het die hof bevind is in stryd met die skeiding van magte-leerstellings. Regter Dippenaar het die optrede van die departement en maatskaplike werkers krities onder die loep geneem en ook die praktykriglyne wat nie deur die minister opgestel en afgekondig is nie krities ontleed.

Hierdie uitspraak dien as ’n wekroep aan die departement én maatskaplike werkers om te besef dat die grondwet en kinderwet geen ruimte laat vir onderliggende vooroordele nie en dat ons nuwe grondwetlike bedeling die erkenning, beskerming en afdwinging van sowel die regte van kinders as dié van die betrokke volwassenes beskerm. Hierdie beslissing is veral belangrik aangesien aannemingsgetalle in Suid-Afrika afneem en die aantal kinderlose gesinne wat begerig is om ’n kind aan te neem, afneem terwyl die getal weerlose kinders wat gesinne benodig as gevolg van die stygende koers van kinderverlating in Suid-Afrika toeneem. As gevolg van die stygende koers van kinderverlating is dit belangrik dat aannemings vaartbelyn word en alle onnodige rompslomp verwyder word.

Regspraak: Geregistreerde eienaar verloor eiendomsreg met koste teen onregmatige besetters wat klaarblyklik wesenlik ongegrond verryk word danksy die hofuitspraak

Regspraak: Geregistreerde eienaar verloor eiendomsreg met koste teen onregmatige besetters wat klaarblyklik wesenlik ongegrond verryk word danksy die hofuitspraak

Author: JC Sonnekus

ISSN: 1996-2207
Affiliations: Universiteit van Johannesburg
Source: Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg, Issue 1, 2025, p. 217-227
https://doi.org/10.47348/TSAR/2025/i1a13

Abstract

The applicant, as the registered owner of immovable property in Newlands East, Durban, applied for the eviction of the first and second respondents from the residence on the premises held by the applicant bought from the respondents in 2016. The repondents, on the face of it, as erstwhile tenants who had defaulted on the tenancy agreement have no ius possidendi to justify their continued occupation of the residence and premises.

The respondents, as former tenants, allegedly committed a material breach of contract by failing over a long period of time to pay either the agreed rent due or the municipal services bill as was agreed. The latter obligations, such as for the used electricity, water, sewerage and refuse removal, had allegedly not been paid by them since their occupation of the erf as tenants in December 2016, and the fact that the services have not been cut off is due simply to the fact that they had been paid for regularly by the applicant as registered owner. Notwithstanding demand and later the rightful termination of the tenancy agreement on account of that non-performance and consequent notice that the premises had to be vacated in view of the breach of contract, the respondents simply persisted in their unlawful occupation after nearly seven years. Moreover, their reliance on their supposed lien to bolster their alleged enrichment claim for unspecified so-called improvements made on the premises is most unconvincing.

On the face of it, this should be a clear case where the applicant is entitled to the requested legal aid. The court, however, decided to dismiss the application for the eviction of the respondents with costs, and to set aside the sale agreement entered into between the applicant and the respondents on 22 December 2016 in respect of the erf; since held under title deed number 8647/2017. The court also set aside the subsequent transfer of the above property from the respondents to the applicant, and authorised the registrar of deeds, Pietermaritzburg, to re-register the transfer of the abovementioned property in the names of the respondents.

The judgment not only punishes the registered owner with expropriation without compensation, but also punishes her with an outrageous cost order. Moreover, not a single word in the decision refers to the fact that the consequence of this judgment is to leave the respondents materially unjustly enriched. Not only do they benefit from the recovery of their unburdened right of ownership over an asset that, adjusted for inflation, is now worth more than half a million rand after more than seven years, but not a word is said about the outstanding debt plus interest over several years towards the applicant as a then friendly credit provider that is now likely to remain unsettled. Most of that debt had probably become prescribed by now.

Sustainable Solid Waste Management Practices in South Africa: a Comparative Legal Analysis

Sustainable Solid Waste Management Practices in South Africa: a Comparative Legal Analysis

Authors: Katlego Mashiane, Kola O Odeku

ISSN: 2521-2605
Affiliations: LLD Candidate, Faculty of Management and Law, University of Limpopo; Professor, Faculty of Management and Law, University of Limpopo
Source: Journal of Comparative Law in Africa, Volume 11 Issue 2, p. 1 – 42
https://doi.org/10.47348/JCLA/v11/i2a1

Abstract

South Africa is facing increasing mismanagement of solid waste, such as illegal dumping in open areas. This mismanagement of solid waste in South Africa is an environmental issue that threatens human rights. This study analyses sustainable solid waste management practices in South Africa and draws lessons from England and Kenya focusing on solid waste management, collection and disposal. England is a developed country with advanced waste management systems, while Kenya is a developing country facing similar solid waste management challenges to South Africa’s. While South Africa has its legal framework on solid waste management, the lessons from both England and Kenya are to improve and strengthen waste management practices and enforcement in South Africa. This study deployed and used a qualitative research approach to highlight how England, Kenya, and South Africa’s legal frameworks reflect their socioeconomic conditions, environmental priorities, and governance enforcement. The findings of the study are important for policy development. The study concludes that South Africa’s legal and policy framework needs to be inclusive and enhanced for effective enforcement of sustainable solid waste management.

Incorporating Sustainable Development Principles in Africa’s Investment Treaty-Making

Incorporating Sustainable Development Principles in Africa’s Investment Treaty-Making

Author: Mmiselo Freedom Qumba

ISSN: 2521-2605
Affiliations: LLB (WSU) LLM (International Trade and Investment Law) (UP) Lecturer at UP Mercantile Law Department, University of Pretoria
Source: Journal of Comparative Law in Africa, Volume 11 Issue 2, p. 43 – 79
https://doi.org/10.47348/JCLA/v11/i2a2

Abstract

African states have long been critical of the international investment law regime, believing that international investment agreements (IIA) are misaligned with their sustainable development efforts. As a result, they have crafted modern IIAs to address the legitimacy crisis within the investment law regime. Despite improvements in Africa’s new, modern IIAs, some countries continue to conclude bilateral investment treaties (BITs) framed in line with older-generation agreements. An overview of the recent trends in treaty drafting shows that African countries have embraced IIAs as important tools for sustainable development. This article revisits the International Law Association ‘New Delhi Declaration of Principles of International Law’ to formulate concrete legal solutions not only as binding legal principles for investors within the African continent but also as incentive to improve sustainability through self-monitoring rather than international or domestic enforcement. This underscores the importance for treaty interpreters and drafters to carefully recognise the integration and application of a sustainable development framework. Accordingly, the article integrates lessons from African experiences and articulates the sustainable development-oriented principles and concepts that should be considered by policy makers and treaty drafters when developing new model BITs or renegotiating the old generation IIAs.

Duty to Act Provisions and Omissions Offences Under the Anti-Human Trafficking Statutes of Malawi, Uganda and South Africa

Duty to Act Provisions and Omissions Offences Under the Anti-Human Trafficking Statutes of Malawi, Uganda and South Africa

Author: Martin Visuzgo Chipofya

ISSN: 2521-2605
Affiliations: LLM (Sussex), LLB (Hons) Mw, Principal Resident Magistrate (Malawi Judiciary), Part-Time Lecturer (University of Malawi)
Source: Journal of Comparative Law in Africa, Volume 11 Issue 2, p. 80 – 108
https://doi.org/10.47348/JCLA/v11/i2a3

Abstract

To effectively combat human trafficking, states have enacted domestic anti-human trafficking statutes to support the cause. Many of these statutes impose positive duties on both natural and legal persons, reinforced by criminal sanctions. The article examines the anti-human trafficking statutes of Malawi, Uganda, and South Africa, focusing on provisions that carry positive duties and, consequently, create omissions offences. It argues that while most positive duties – and the resulting offences of omission – in these statutes comply with criminal-law principles for imposing positive duties and criminalising their breach, some provisions in Malawi’s and South Africa’s anti-human trafficking statutes contain vague terms or phrases. Such terms or phrases may undermine the effective enforcement of these provisions and violate the principle of legality with respect to offences of omission resulting from non-compliance. The article further observes that while certain provisions in Uganda’s and South Africa’s anti-human trafficking statutes fail to consider the duty bearer’s capacity and opportunity to comply when imposing positive duties, these provisions are generally precise. The article argues that the benefits of precise language in an anti-human trafficking statute outweigh concerns regarding disregard for the duty bearers’ capacity and opportunity. Moreover, any consequences from this disregard can be addressed through sensitive or proactive prosecution or, where prosecution is pursued, the defence of impossibility.

Navigating the Complex Terrain of Competition Law Enforcement in Nigeria’s Petroleum Sector: an Examination of the Nigerian National Petroleum Company Limited (NNPCL)

Navigating the Complex Terrain of Competition Law Enforcement in Nigeria’s Petroleum Sector: an Examination of the Nigerian National Petroleum Company Limited (NNPCL)

Author: Laura Ani

ISSN: 2521-2605
Affiliations: Senior Research Fellow, Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (NIALS)
Source: Journal of Comparative Law in Africa, Volume 11 Issue 2, p. 109 – 141
https://doi.org/10.47348/JCLA/v11/i2a4

Abstract

The convergence of the Petroleum Industry Act of 2021 and the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act of 2018 offers a unique opportunity to reshape the Nigerian Oil and Gas sector. However, the true potential of these legislative reforms can only be realised through vigilant enforcement. This article comprehensively analyses the critical role of competition law in fostering a dynamic and competitive energy sector in Nigeria. By immersing into the labyrinth of competition law, this article distils the challenges and opportunities arising from the convergence of the Petroleum Industry Act and the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act. Additionally, the article expounds upon how a proactive stance by the NNPCL, within the ambit of competition compliance, can infuse dynamism into market dynamics and, ultimately, rebound to the collective economic well-being of Nigeria. The methodology involves a desktop review of laws and regulations pertinent to competition and petroleum. The aim is to assess the influence of these laws on market competitiveness, consumer welfare, and economic efficiency within the Nigerian petroleum industry. The article finds that though the dominance of the NNPCL is not problematic per se, the ownership structure of the NNPCL is an impetus for the government to undesirably influence the entity’s autonomy to compete like other undertakings. If left unchecked, it could potentially affect smaller private competitors in the industry. The article recommends more robust regulatory compliance to ensure fair competition and prevent the abuse of the NNPCLs dominant position.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Alternative Dispute Resolution Methods in Resolving Marital Conflicts in Nigeria

Evaluating the Efficacy of Alternative Dispute Resolution Methods in Resolving Marital Conflicts in Nigeria

Author: Solomon O. Afolabi

ISSN: 2521-2605
Affiliations: LLB (Hons) Ife, BL, LLM (ABU), MBA (Unilorin), PhD (ABU), Associate Professor of Private & Property Law, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
Source: Journal of Comparative Law in Africa, Volume 11 Issue 2, p. 142 – 168
https://doi.org/10.47348/JCLA/v11/i2a5

Abstract

Disputes may be a fact of life, but they are no less troubling when they occur. They often need resolution, and swift, meaningful resolution at that. While litigation is the most popular means of settling disputes, this paper appraises the application of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms to marital conflicts in Nigeria. In Nigeria, litigation which is the most common means of settling disputes is often inadequate for the settlement of marital conflicts for the simple reason that it is rarely personal, empathic or collaborative for that matter. This paper therefore appraises the nature and extent of the application of ADR mechanisms to marital conflicts and also tests the proposition that a ‘cause and effect’ relationship exists between ADR and healthy marriages. The paper adopts doctrinal and empirical approaches by leveraging on qualitative analysis of responses to structured questions administered to participants within the Ilorin metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria. The paper finds that there is an overwhelming use of ADR mechanisms for the settlement of marital conflicts, albeit with most leaning towards non-institutional ADR mechanisms, and that a ‘cause and effect’ relationship does exist between ADR and healthy marriages. This paper recommends that more importance be given to ADR in the place of settlement of marital conflicts and that better awareness be made in respect to institutional ADR mechanisms in Nigeria. The work also recommends that serious consideration be given to the establishment of family courts that would operate using collaborative approaches unique to ADR mechanisms.

Le Droit au Juge Naturel en Droit Camerounais

Le Droit au Juge Naturel en Droit Camerounais

Author: Tchabo Sontang

ISSN: 2521-2605
Affiliations: Maitre de Conférences, Droit privé, FSJP-UDs. Membre de l’URDIIC
Source: Journal of Comparative Law in Africa, Volume 11 Issue 2, p. 169 – 188
https://doi.org/10.47348/JCLA/v11/i2a6

Abstract

A fair trial presupposes, among other things, that the judgment is pronounced by a court and/or an independent and impartial judge. In any state based on the idea of the rule of law, justice must be organized in such a way as to be stripped of any risk of serious grievance affecting its neutrality or that of the judges. It is on objective bases that the assignment of a court or a judge to a case must be made. The litigant must have for judge the one whom the law alone has established, his natural judge. Their meeting should not result from manipulation or a particular arrangement, but result from the implementation of criteria specially predefined by the legislator, taking into account the equality of citizens before the law and justice. These principles are indeed in force in Cameroonian law, although mistreated in their implementation.