The textual layers of European contract law

by | Mar 31, 2020 | ACTA, ACTA 2019

The textual layers of European contract law 

Authors R Zimmermann

ISSN: 1996-2088
Affiliations: Honorary Professor of Law at the University of Edinburgh
Source: Acta Juridica, 2019, p. 165 – 199

Abstract

For the past four decades, lawyers in Europe have been fascinated by the idea of creating (or re-creating) a European private law. Contract law has, so far, been at the centre of attention. Various actors have shaped the development: the European legislature and the European Court of Justice as much as academic writers. National law reform has also contributed to a rapprochement of thinking patterns. One of the most interesting developments has been the creation of various sets of model rules, or restatements, of European contract law. It began with the elaboration of ‘Principles of European Contract Law’ by the ‘Lando’ Commission, a purely academic initiative, and it eventually led, in 2011, to the publication of a Proposal for a Regulation on a European Sales Law, ie the attempt to codify central parts of general contract law and sales law within the European Union. That Proposal was withdrawn by the European Commission in late 2014. Thus, there is now some time for reflection. The present essay attempts to sketch the various ‘textual layers’ that have accumulated in the quest for a code of European contract law. At the same time, it explains the background for a research project that attempts to provide a synthesis of the development.

Balancing ‘equality of respect’ with freedom of expression: The actio iniuriarum and hate speech

by | Mar 31, 2020 | ACTA, ACTA 2019

Balancing ‘equality of respect’ with freedom of expression: The actio iniuriarum and hate speech

Authors J Burchell

ISSN: 1996-2088
Affiliations: Emeritus Professor and Fellow of the University of Cape Town
Source: Acta Juridica, 2019, p. 203 – 227

Abstract

This essay begins with a brief tribute to Emeritus Professor Danie Visser, a very close friend and respected colleague. The essay then evaluates the common-law protection of dignity in the South African law of delict, as well as criminal law, and examines the role of the courts in balancing this right to individual dignity with freedom of expression against the backdrop of recent draft legislation aimed at curbing hate speech. The essay favours the established common-law protection of dignity (supplemented by existing statutory remedies) and questions the need for further legislation on hate speech. The author also highlights the role of education in preventing hate speech.

Punishment, reparation and the evolution of private law: The actio iniuriarum in a changing world

by | Mar 31, 2020 | ACTA, ACTA 2019

Punishment, reparation and the evolution of private law: The actio iniuriarum in a changing world

Authors F du Bois

ISSN: 1996-2088
Affiliations: Professor of Law and Head of School, Leicester Law School, University of Leicester
Source: Acta Juridica, 2019, p. 229 – 282

Abstract

Tracking the long journey of the actio iniuriarum from its Roman origins via seventeenth-century Holland to South African law today, this contribution explores its transformation from a punitive action into a reparative one. In doing so, it investigates the evolution of our contemporary concept of private law: how did it come about, how did this conceptual development of the law interact with the law’s substantive content, and what does this tell us about the way in which private law relates to a changing environment? It shows how the growing differentiation of private law as a distinctive field drove forward conceptual and procedural innovations that, with increasing intensity, focused attention on the nature of the individual entitlements at play, and tended towards a bilateral form of justice in which liability is imposed only when, and only to the extent that, it is justified to hold one person liable to another. Whereas in Roman law hubristic behaviour was the core of the wrong and any impact on the victim the means bringing this about, the South African law of delict treats the impact on the victim as the gist of the wrong, and the defendant’s behaviour as the means. It is this change, along with the associated separation of criminal and civil liability, that has enabled the actio iniuriarum to survive in a fundamentally changed world.

Why intention matters and how it does

by | Mar 31, 2020 | ACTA, ACTA 2019

Why intention matters and how it does

Authors A Fagan

ISSN: 1996-2088
Affiliations: WP Schreiner Professor of Law in the UCT Law Faculty
Source: Acta Juridica, 2019, p. 283 – 313

Abstract

This essay looks at the role that intention plays in the determination of Aquilian liability. The essay explains that the role is an important, if restricted, one. There are three reasons for this, each of which is discussed in detail in the essay. First, certain kinds of harm-causing conduct can be wrongful, for the purpose of Aquilian liability, only if performed with intent. Second, even if harm-causing conduct could be wrongful also if performed negligently, the fact that it was performed intentionally may increase, even significantly, the likelihood that it was wrongful. Third, in the case of certain kinds of harm-causing conduct, the fact that the conduct was performed with intent excludes from the determination of wrongfulness, and thus also of liability, the kind of trade-offs involved in determining negligence. Having explained the role of intent in Aquilian liability, the essay goes on to discuss an important implication of the fact that intent has this role. Intentional harm-causing conduct was wrongful, for the purpose of Aquilian liability, if and only if it breached a duty not to cause harm intentionally – in the same way that negligent harm-causing conduct was wrongful if and only if it breached a duty not to cause harm negligently. A proper understanding of the role that intent plays in Aquilian liability thus provides further reason to reject the standard view of wrongfulness, as constituted by the breach of a duty not to cause harm (full stop) or of a duty not to cause harm by conduct that was ex post facto unreasonable.

Aquilian liability for negligence and proximity considerations

by | Mar 31, 2020 | ACTA, ACTA 2019

Aquilian liability for negligence and proximity considerations

Authors A Price

ISSN: 1996-2088
Affiliations: Honorary Professor of Law at the University of Edinburgh
Source: Acta Juridica, 2019, p. 315 – 344

Abstract

This essay defends the importance of proximity considerations under the Aquilian action for negligence. These concern the type of relationship between the parties, and their respective undertakings, roles and previous interactions. Proximity considerations should be, and to an extent already are, taken into account by the courts under the rubric of wrongfulness, alongside well-known legal and public policy considerations (eg the floodgates concern) and constitutional norms (eg accountability). Wrongfulness under the Aquilian action has a dual function: first, to provide an initial justification for the imposition of liability; and second, as a mechanism to keep that liability in check. Proximity considerations are crucial to the first of these two functions, as they contribute to the justification of primary legal duties not to harm negligently and thus to the imposition of liability when justified by corrective justice.

What is unjust about theft?

by | Mar 31, 2020 | ACTA, ACTA 2019

What is unjust about theft?

Authors M Bryan

ISSN: 1996-2088
Affiliations: Emeritus Professor of Law, University of Melbourne
Source: Acta Juridica, 2019, p. 347 – 370

Abstract

The principles governing the restitution of stolen property ought to be straightforward in any legal system, but in common-law systems it is surprisingly hard to state what these principles are. There are many reasons for the unsettled state of the law. The restitution of stolen property, or its value, lies on the indistinct boundary that separates restitution for unjust enrichment from restitution for wrongs. On the unjust enrichment side of the boundary, common lawyers have never clearly articulated the precise injustice that justifies the claim to restitution. They have also not identified the precise circumstances in which the thief, or later the receiver, is in law enriched. Furthermore, the historic division between common law and equitable property rights obstructs attempts to rationalise the restitutionary principles. Finally, disagreement between common-law jurisdictions as to whether proprietary claims can be brought to recover the proceeds of thefts not involving a breach of fiduciary duty also complicates the story. This paper proposes a scheme of restitution based on the absence of consent to taking rather than on the commission of the crime of theft. The scheme recognises that the unauthorised taking of property by fiduciaries, such as trustees and company directors, raises different considerations from those raised by thefts committed by non-fiduciaries.