Evidentiary and procedural issues relating to the Prevention of Organised Crime Act

by | Nov 27, 2020 | SALJ, SALJ V137 I3 2020

Evidentiary and procedural issues relating to the Prevention of Organised Crime Act

Author D C van der Linde

ISSN: 1996-2177
Affiliations: Senior Lecturer, North-West University
Source: South African Law Journal, Volume 137 Issue 3, p. 501-527

Abstract

This article evaluates the evidentiary and procedural issues brought about by the Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998 (‘POCA’). The promulgation of POCA has brought about several deviations from established evidentiary and procedural rules that have been developed to protect the accused from an unfair trial by disregarding specific categories of potentially prejudicial evidence. The rationale for deviating from these established principles is to assist in the fight against organised crime by alleviating the state’s evidentiary burden by allowing for similar-fact evidence, evidence of prior convictions, and hearsay evidence. The reasons underlying these rules will be considered to establish whether POCA invades these protections against prejudicial evidence and, if so, whether this is constitutionally justifiable or, if not, what remedial steps could be taken. In addition to the aforementioned procedural and evidentiary issues, certain textual anomalies regarding POCA will also be considered.

Shape up or ship out! — On establishing that a shape has ‘acquired distinctiveness’ for trade mark purposes

by | Nov 27, 2020 | SALJ, SALJ V137 I3 2020

Shape up or ship out! — On establishing that a shape has ‘acquired distinctiveness’ for trade mark purposes

Author Michael Tsele

ISSN: 1996-2177
Affiliations: BA LLB (Rhodes)
Source: South African Law Journal, Volume 137 Issue 3, p. 528-564

Abstract

This article concerns a controversial topic in trade mark law: the proper test that must be applied when determining whether a shape mark has acquired distinctiveness. The first part traces the source of the controversy and analyses recent developments in comparative jurisdictions to unpack the nuances in the debate as to the proper approach to establishing acquired distinctiveness. Here I argue that there are, in fact, no less than three different tests. I then consider the position in South Africa, particularly in the light of the Supreme Court of Appeal’s decision in Société des Produits Nestlé SA v International Foodstuffs Co [2015] 1 All SA 492 (SCA). I aim to debunk some misconceptions particularly with respect to claims that South Africa is now out of line with Europe, inter alia because the SCA has abandoned a standard set in Beecham Group Plc v Triomed (Pty) Ltd 2002 (4) SA 193 (SCA). I take a different perspective. First, I contend that Beecham itself is now questionable authority, given recent developments in trade mark law. Secondly, contrary to several commentators’ views, the Beecham test is different from the test currently favoured in the United Kingdom and Europe. Finally, I suggest how the Supreme Court of Appeal could clarify the proper standard to be applied in South Africa when determining whether a shape mark has acquired distinctiveness.